Devices for measuring and detecting a wide variety of analytes, including polyatomic anions, such as organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents are provided. The portable electronic devices are provided with built-in transceiver modules which will automatically communicate with base stations provided at centralized high traffic locations. Radiation scattered or otherwise emitted by the object is detected to produce a signal, which is integrated in time. A selection of a first entity and a second entity are received via the user interface. A laboratory sample was made and its testing showed good technological results and confirmed the reliability of a unit simple in manufacturing, operating and maintenance. At least part of edges of the hexagonal carbon layers is exposed at an outer surface or inner surface of the expanded carbon fiber product.