A positive resist composition comprises: a resin that contains a repeating unit having a lactone structure and a cyano group, and increases its solubility to an alkali developer by action of an acid; a compound that generates an acid by irradiation with actinic ray or radiation; and a solvent. It also discloses novel methods for the preparation of sugar substrates and methods for the preparation of anthracycline antibiotics. The axially moveable member includes a sensed portion surrounding an annular surface of the gear case, and disposed between the annular surface and the sensor element, in one embodiment. The airmaterial mixture is transported through the mixing chamber into the accelerating chamber and through the outlet conduit.