A closed loopsemi-closed loop infusion system provides therapy modification and safeguards against the over-delivery or under-delivery of insulin. A flexible valve element is disposed within the housing between the first and second openings. The substrate is exposed to a deposition gas to deposit an epitaxial layer on the monocrystalline surface and a polycrystalline layer on the second surface. An example system includes a device configured to mix a carbonaceous fluid and one or more oxidants, at least one cavitation chamber configured to produce cavitation bubbles in the mixture, and at least one elevated pressure zone configured to collapse the cavitation bubbles, thereby catalyzing oxidation of the sulfur-containing substances. The controller simultaneously causes the duty cycle adjustor to adjust the duty cycle of the output clock signal until the rising and falling edges of signals at the output of the delay line are aligned with rising and falling edges, respectively, of signals at the output of the inverter.