Tracers for imaging distribution of reactive oxygen species are disclosed. Certain novel coated substrates, such as diatomite porous substrates are disclosed. Fuzzy logic can be employed to accommodate incomplete measurement data and to present results in a qualitative format, presenting relevant data as being high, low, substantial, etc. The obtained flat plate-like sputtered particles are deposited on a deposition surface; accordingly, an oxide semiconductor film is formed. The actuating block has an actuating sheet passing through the base and extending toward the engaging block.