Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of one of more sulfide salt and optionally one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. The interactive library system provides information from the content provider to the user by the following steps: Receiving, by the library system computer, user identification and password from the user computer. The metal layer may be the ground plane of the bonding pad or an additional, intermediate layer. Communications with the initiating party are provided in accordance with the dynamically updated script. The radar-like sensor senses the closure of the air flow cavity, and associated control circuitry signals a stimulator to cause muscles to open the air passage way that is closing or closed or an air control device to open the air passage way that is closing or closed.