A part to be centered during an assembly process includes an effective portion which performs a function and is shaped for insertion into a hole, a reference portion extended from the effective portion and formed substantially perpendicular to a center axis of the effective portion, and an aligning portion extended from the effective portion and formed around the effective portion. Methods described herein exhibit enhanced activity and stereoselectivity, relative to known methods, and are useful in the synthesis of a large assortment of biologically and therapeutically significant agents. A pair of guides is provided and each of the guides has a first end and a second end. A written image is separated and extracted by converting a density only of pixels among the respective pixels of the read image, whose densities vary in accordance with the document writing and which correspond to a portion, to which ink of a pen for the handwriting is not adhered. In an embodiment, a top metallization layer is larger than one or more underlying metallization layers. The intermediate form comprises an array of intelligent entry objects which encapsulate data with methods for manipulating that data.