A method of modifying the concentration of reactants and carrying out a chemical reaction on a microfluidic device in which first and second reactants are delivered into a reaction channel combined, the second reactant different from the first reactant and capable of reacting with the first reactant. In addition, a method for fabricating the image sensor fabricates the optical path conversion elements according to a photolithography process using a gray scale mask, combinations of the photolithography process and a reactive ion etching process, or combinations of the photolithography process, the reactive ion etching process, and an UV-molding process. The apparatus and method provide an open clip which engages one extremity of a running tape and one extremity of a stationary stand-by tape. Heating of the magnetic thin film memory element to a predetermined temperature reduces its coercivity, which allows switching of the magnetic state upon application of a magnetic field. Vigorous and upright tree growth.