A photovoltaic cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly obtainable by the in situ polymerization between two electrodes of one or more monomers to form a polymer, and then infusing an activating agent into the polymer, wherein the activating agent enables the membrane electrode assembly to function as a photovoltaic cell. At least one innerspring insert is inserted into an innerspring in spaces or channels between the spaced apart coils. The anaerobic contact element may be maintained for conditions to facilitate the uptake of soluble organic pollutants and to form a fluid having a particulate matter contained therein.