The invention relates to polyglycol ether-free, polyglycerol partial ester-based sulphosuccinates, the preparation thereof, and the use of these in cosmetic formulations and also in cleaning compositions in the industrial and domestic sector and formulations comprising these sulphosuccinates. The invention provides a coding apparatus which determines change subject data and change data based on a frequency distribution of at least partial data of the first data, and embeds second data into first data by causing a change from the change subject data to the change data according to the second data. Previous techniques do not consider optimizing placement to improve load balancing as is described subsequently. One of the materials includes visible andor infrared-absorbing semiconducting quantum dot nanoparticles, and one of materials is a hole conductor and the other is an electron conductor. The first to third light sensing elements are configured to receive the three optical signals and generate first, second and third selective signals, respectively. The time code indicates whether a button has been kept depressed for at least a predetermined length of time or the number of times the button is depressed.