The invention provides methods and apparatus for detecting radiation including x-ray photon and particle radiation for radiographic imaging, nuclear medicine, material composition analysis, container inspection, mine detection, remediation, high energy physics, and astronomy. To thermally treat the tissue, the surgical device can be configured to include a structure for enveloping and receiving at least a portion of the surgical device, where the structure is configured to control thermal energy transfer between the structure and the tissue. A method of treating fluid to be injected into a subterranean formation is also disclosed.