Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and systems of managing delivery of data to network applications. Chemicals are absorbed to the surface of the nanowires, and cause the semiconducting characteristics of the Nanowires to change. At least one of the upper die and the lower die has a plurality of protrusions. Individual circuits may be disposed on the interface strips to perform functionality relating to the device under test andor the test head. In addition, a method of fabricating LED element and a light emitting device having the LED elements are provided. Preferred prostheses exhibit reduced production of particles from the prosthesis during wear of the prosthesis, and are substantially oxidation resistant.