Biomimetic stimuli-responsive surfaces and articles of manufacture, together with methods of fabrication and related methods of use. One of the electrodes and the transparent conductive layers have their area varying in proportion to the line resistance of the electrodes so that equipotential lines are uniformly formed between the electrodes. The negative active material prepared by dissolving a coar tar pitch or a petroleum pitch in an organic solvent to remove insoluble components therefrom, heat-treating the pitch at a temperature in the range of 400 to 450 C. Finally, a method of producing the novel compound is disclosed.