Disclosed are a sensor for detecting when an infrastructure interface is physically coupled to network infrastructure, and infrastructure connection detection circuitry coupled to the sensor. and an average particle size of from about 0. Analysis of Passenger Name Record, booking, ticketing, inventory, schedule, authorization adjustment and flownticket lift data maintained within the database enables a travel provider to identify fraudulent and improper booking and ticketing activity, or an airline to determine optimal passenger and revenue mix for airline flights. The switching device may further include one or more forward diodes coupled between the gate terminal and the body terminal to bias the body terminal during the on state, and one or more reverse diodes coupled between the gate terminal and the body terminal to bias the body terminal during the off state. During encoding, both Remainder and Quotient of the same pixel component are encoded in parallel followed.