Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for particle-imprinted polymer films, methods of making particle-imprinted polymer films, methods for separating particles, devices or systems for separating particles, and the like. For a given segment in the sequence, the method includes calculating a set of frequency domain coefficients corresponding to the given segment, and identifying local peaks in the set of frequency domain coefficients by applying a threshold. A catalyst layer is disposed on an inner surface of the bottom wall. The actuator body further includes an actuator arm extending from the main body section. The second region is removed to form an opening between the features.