A speed changing apparatus for changing an input speed to an output either greatly slower or faster, the apparatus has a coaxial pair of ring gears that includes a large ring gear having a pitch diameter A and a small ring gear having a pitch diameter D. The container is mountable in a body of an image forming apparatus such that the end of the conveyance pipe is inserted into the container, and is dismountable therefrom. The supported catalyst contains at least one Group VIB non-noble metal oxide and at least one Group VIII non-noble metal oxide deposited on a carrier; and the catalyst has an optimized acid distribution on the surface of the catalyst, and more preferably has an optimized Group VIIIVIB metal ratio and a Group VIII non-noble metal density per unit of catalyst surface area. The plate-shaped elements are made of a foam-shaped thermoplastic, which has polystyrene and polyphenylene ether. When an intrusion event is detected, the ECU outputs a control signal to actuate an alarm. When the bone clamp is in the deformed state, the branches may be inserted into bone segments.