A polarizer includes a polarizing element, a first protective layer and a second protective layer and a surface treatment layer. The method can include introducing a slurry comprising one or more drilling fluids and one or more hydrocarbon contaminated solids to a settling system. An open loop allows ambient gas to pass through the heat exchanger and extract heat from the circulating gas. This can give users control over the flow rate and the spreading area of the salt. Compositions used to enhance the repellency of fibers, carpet yarns and carpets are also disclosed. We also show evidence of in vivo anti-cancer activity of our nanoparticles containing various different metals using mouse model studies.