Systems and methods for managing memory in a dynamic translation computer system are provided. A tablet input object can take various inputs from touch, a mouse, and a pen and send their information to an application. A corrected motion when the change amount has converged to zero is determined as the desired motion. The quantisation control module also receives bit rate information for the current image block from a rate monitoring module, which determines the bit rate for the current block from a desired bit rate and information on the number of bits used for the previous image block. When an end portion of a pipe is inserted in the bore the raised portion engages the corresponding outer surface of the pipe to provide a seal. The integrated particle generator-accelerator is actuable as a unitary body on a support structure to enable scanning of a particle beam by direction actuation of the particle generator-accelerator.