An on-chip packed reactor bed design is disclosed that allows for an effective exchange of packing materials such as beads at a miniaturized level. Such analysis includes detection of bladder cancer or carcinoma-in-situ. User output preferences are expressed as one or more user policies. A control module determines a current control hold duty cycle for a camshaft phasor based on an engine state parameter. The total number of parity blocks in the RAID subsystem is typically in the range of hundreds of thousands of parity blocks.