The present invention provides methods to produce arginine bicarbonate more rapidly and efficiently than conventional methods. A linear actuator includes a motor portion including a rotary shaft, a rotor, and a stator, a first bearing portion that supports a first end of the rotary shaft, a locknut threadably engaged on the first end of the rotary shaft, and a ball screw mechanism including a ball screw nut screwed to the locknut and a ball screw threadably engaged with the ball screw nut. The rotor is not affected by the torque converter and the efficiency of the motor is not reduced. For example, if the NVM returns an all-zero vector when a read request fails, the FPS can include at least one \u201c1\u201d or one \u201c0\u201d, as appropriate, to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful read operations.