The present invention relates to bituminous compositions suitable for use in paving applications containing bitumen emulsion of performance-grade bitumen that is substantially free of volatile solvents and made by controlling temperature-dependent interfacial rheology through the use of selected emulsifiers. In the illustrative application, the nonuniformity is a porthole effect. The x-axis direction of each optical retardation plate RT is almost parallel to the transmission axis of the polarizer PL adjacent to a corresponding optical retardation plates RT. Methods of making and ionizing samples using the pattern recognition site and carbon nanotube surface are also disclosed. The ring segments have a flat ridge at the edge, and each groove has a depth defined by a pair of adjacent ring segments. The compounds have the general Formula I:including all prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers, R1, R2, R3, R3a, R4, A, B, n, Y and Z are described herein.