Transmission and reflection type holograms may be formed utilizing a novel polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material and its unique switching characteristics to form optical elements. The oscillation circuit has an amplifier array and a high-noise circuit. The cell growth apparatus comprises multiple cell growth chambers stacked in vertical alignment and orientation within the unitary flask body. Puromycin analogs of the present invention form covalent conjugates with nascent polypeptide chains, which are rapidly turned over by the proteasome and can be visualized and specifically captured by a bioorthogonal reaction. The device can be easily incorporated into existing control electronics for such instruments or can be incorporated into a relatively small and simple hand-held device to be used with such instruments.