Methods, systems, and apparatus provide an accurate time constant for electroporation. The input switching element comprises a plurality of input optical deflector sets, each set consisting of a plurality of optical deflectors, at each light input port. The system comprises a base spacer and, optionally, one or more of an intermediate spacer andor another base spacer. The drug solution charged within the cylinder is pressed out by the second piston by an urging force of the second spring and flows out from the outflow port. Another electronic device includes at least a multiplier. A controller determines a lateral velocity of the automotive vehicle in response to the roll rate.