Method of making fluoropolymers by emulsion polymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers in an aqueous phase in the presence of a fluorinated emulsifier, said method comprises adding a doping agent in a weight ratio with respect to the emulsifier of from about 1:2 to about 1:20, said doping agent has a melting point of equal or less than 30\xb0 C. The signal conductor may be configured to receive a clock signal having a clock signal frequency. A feature of this invention is that the coating material is a biopolymer, a sol-gel produced silica gel or a biologically active molecule. Because of the convergence properties of the DPLL, very consistent measurements of the reflected marker signal field strength are possible, resulting in both an improvement of maximum detection depth and depth accuracy. The electrical interconnect structure is bonded to the active device structure and the electrical interconnect structure provides electrical interconnection among the semiconductor devices. The cladding layer may be formed on the substrate.