A low bit rate phase excited linear prediction type speech encoder filters a speech signal to limit its bandwidth and then fragments the filtered speech signal into speech segments. A GHV value is used in the generation of a multi-cycle index required for locating a prediction in a GBHT for the instruction associated with the GHV value. The diagnostics include a policy, a library and an engine where the policy determines what the requirements are for permitting the client device to couple to the VPN. One of the one-turn portions of the second helical part closest to the ground plane has a peripheral length Ks that is N times the wavelength \u03bb of use, where N is a positive natural number greater than M.