Method and apparatus for establishing direct IP bi-directional or unidirectional connectivity between communication devices, accommodating the circumstance of either or both communication devices residing behind a Network Address Translator. The invention also relates to the use of the dispersing agents according to the invention for the production of pigment concentrates and coating media, and to a process for producing the dispersing agents. The electrical preheater is powered by the storage device to heat a stream of exhaust gases entering the turbocharger turbine from the engine exhaust manifold. Each motor control scheme provides motor driving current that corresponds to torque command signals received at the controller input terminal. Furthermore, the first protective insulating layer and the second protective insulating layer each include an aluminum oxide film that includes an oxygen-excess region, and are in contact with each other in a region where the source electrode, the drain electrode, and the gate electrode are not provided. During the sputtering, not only the targets but also magnetic field forming devices are moved relative to the targets, and therefore, a large area of the targets can be sputtered.