An LCD device includes a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates, a sealant disposed at a peripheral region of the LCD between the first and second substrates for sealing a space between the first and second substrates, and a color filter layer at the first substrate opposite to the second substrate. The armature has dielectrics to form two series-connected capacitors in conjunction with the two ends. The test pattern is subsequently analyzed to identify the plugging point of the production run, and a compensated density curve is created to eliminate plugging within the production pattern. The optimization processing unit generates the third context when it is possible to generate, and associates resource information of the third context with each of resource information of the first context and the second context. A number of embodiments include applying a programming signal to the resistance variable memory cell to program the cell to a target state, subsequently applying a pre-read signal to the resistance variable memory cell to accelerate a drift of a resistance of the programmed cell, and subsequently applying a read signal to the resistance variable memory cell.