A sprinkler includes hollow tube with a plurality of apertures and a plurality of nozzles are respectively inserted through the apertures. Processes for producing the hydroxymethyl-group-containing alicyclic compounds. Each memory cell has a two terminal memory plug that is capable of experiencing a change in resistance. The exhaust valve may open while the intake valve is closed to exhaust post-combustion gases from the combustion chamber. and for ultra-thin band pass filters as well as the low Z element in low Zhigh Z optical components, such as mirrors which enhance reflectivity from grazing to normal incidence. A phase change layer has a pad portion.