A maximum undeformed chip thickness, a cutting arc length or an engage angle, and an active angle for each tooth of the end mill are calculated when a ball end mill is used in machining, or the maximum undeformed chip thickness, the cutting arc length or the engage angle, and an axial depth of cut for each tooth of the end mill are calculated when a straight end mill is used in machining. Described herein are methods for enhancing the efficiency and rate of induced pluripotent stem cell production by treating somatic cells with a transforming growth factor-beta receptor inhibitor. The first compressed probability table contains a plurality of probability elements.