There is provided methods and systems for optical imaging in a turbid medium that combine continuous wave and time domain approaches to substantially increase robustness of optical imaging as well as to reduce acquisition times associated with the TD approach. According to embodiments, an image sensor may include a metal interconnection, readout circuitry, a first substrate, an image sensing device, and a second conduction type interfacial layer. Upon receiving information relating to at least the activity at the target location, stored data related to the activity and the target location are gathered. The data IO circuit is connected to the MSB latch and a data IO line, and is configured to perform the input and output of a sensing data or the input and output of a program data.