The invention provides in some aspects a distributed rules processing system that includes a first and second digital data processors that are coupled to one another by one or more networks. After the cards are separated from the sheet they are moved on a conveyor by a series of accumulators seriatim. The program instruction pairs in the compiled program code are processed while verifying an order in which the program instruction pairs are to be executed using the compiled tagging code, which is loaded into a tagging buffer. In this manner, the disadvantages of each modulation technique are avoided while the benefits of each are exploited. The decision-making entity and the reward mechanism are applied to the application environments, and results achieved through this application are processed in accordance with reward-based learning to derive a policy. The methods and apparatuses can be implemented with implantable devices.