A generic access card is paired with a data destination device by insertion into its card slot, and the public portion of a publicprivate key is stored in the card. The plasma display apparatus also includes a barrier structure, the inner surfaces of which being disposed along the outer ends of the plurality of display element electrodes and thereby defining a plurality of cells each of which is to be activated by the associated one of the plurality of display element electrodes so as to emit light. In one embodiment, top-down processing and bottom-up processing may be combined using a two-stage evaluation. The deflecting unit is formed comparatively thick, therefore, the electromagnetic wave is caused to enter the propagating unit at such an angle that causes a surface-propagating wave to be generated highly efficiently.