An electroless deposition chemical system includes an electroless solution including a metal component, and a strongly adsorbed species component having a concentration less than a concentration of the metal component. In some embodiments of the present invention, the macromonomer is a lactide-functionalized polymer that may be synthesized by, for example, polymerizing a monomer capable of undergoing radical polymerization using a brominated lactide initiator via atom transfer radical polymerization. These methods can achieve diverse populations in which the vast majority of members retaining full-length coding sequences encode polypeptides having specific affinity for the target. 5, serves to latch between the pearls 2 at an optional position in the above-defined predetermined section of the necklace 1. The immunoassay can be a Western blot and the disease can be Lyme Disease. The first circuit may be configured to collect a plurality of samples per cycle during a plurality of cycles of an input signal and calculate a phase offset and a frequency offset for the input signal relative to a clock signal in response to the samples.