In response to an input signal, in a first delay line, a delay amount is added to a phase of the input signal by each delay unit. The computer includes a block that calculates a displacement, which is made in a predetermined time after completion of measurement, according to a load value and an external force value. one-half, of the input frequency. Some embodiments also compact feed in the upper portion of a tunnel, for example, by reciprocating a hinged piston above a primary compression mechanism. In addition, the present invention provides a procedure for the creation of material surfaces with desired properties and for the fabrication of surface-mounted optical components. The Session Initiation Protocol and Common Open Policy Service are combined together to provide methods of setting up a session and tearing down a session, while maintaining Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting policies.