Disclosed is a photonic switch that includes a plurality of optical-path switching means having movable light reflecting portions that guide light from each of a plurality of input ports to any output port among a plurality of output ports. A spray tube having a plurality of outlets that slideably engages the inlet fitting, is positioned in the ring discs of the existing filter and a compression member proximate to one end of the ring discs applies a compressive force to the ring discs. The apparatus includes a retrieval mechanism to remove a bottom one of said sheets of paper from the stack, and a deionizer that reduces static electricity in the vicinity of the stack. One of the four rotation elements in an illustrated example) is connected to the output gear. Hydrogen ions are generated from water in the blood, resulting in the formation and release of carbon dioxide from the blood. The cams and pulleys retain first and second cables.