An object of the present invention is to provide an optical element which can suppress a production cost, has good heat resistance, uniformly maintains the fixed orientation of a liquid crystal polymer in a wide temperature range, shows a low haze with reliability, and can maintain desired birefringence property with reliability. The induced voltage pulse is counteracted by coupling the victim line to a counteracting voltage source. An elastic reset urges the touch surface into the first end position. In addition, the modulator devices may be used in conjunction with fixed thin film reflective structures.