In an image processor on multi-level image data, an edge direction of a target pixel is discriminated from differences in density level between the target pixel and adjacent pixels thereof. The first chip is fixed to the substrate, and is provided with a collar portion which opposes an upper face of the substrate in a state such that a gap is formed between the upper face of the substrate and the collar portion. The separated lipids are removed from the fluid. Each soft decision value {tilde over } is processed to generate a corresponding hard decision value. Processing the approved control document includes causing an execution of at least one task on the approved control document. The active material includes a crystalline carbon core; and an amorphous or turbostratic carbon shell evenly covering the crystalline carbon core, the carbon shell having a thickness of 10-2000.