The shaft removal devices described herein include an elongated gripping portion that allows a shaft, e. The developer bearer includes plural kinds of electrodes that receive different voltages from each other and collectively creates the electric flux line. The adjustment module adjusts at least one of a second length unit to specify a pattern length which is drawn by the variably shaped beam EB writing system and a second position unit to specify a position thereof to a value of which at least one of the first length unit and the first position unit are divided by a natural number. In another embodiment, the passage outlets are located on the exterior of the high pressure wellhead housing and communicate through a flying lead coming down from the tree. To provide a novel liquid crystal compound for preparing an optical element which can exhibit a proper Rd value depending upon usable wavelength and application and which is excellent in durability against a blue laser beam. A predetermined number of net bodies are disposed in the cylindrical flow passage at predetermined intervals, and each net body has a surface intersecting the direction of the flow passage.