A microfluidic valve structure is provided. The lower tier is formed by and between a bottom ring and an intermediate ring. The interface may be configured to couple to a host and receive a DMA request. The magnetite layer is bonded to the wustite layer, and the hematite layer is bonded to the magnetite layer. Since no STI is formed between the transistors, it is possible to integrate the transistors at a high density. At least one physical constraint test may be performed on the selected estimated bit sequences to select a decoded output bit sequence.