An air induction assembly includes a tuning tube that is integrally formed with an air duct having a distal tube end extending into a resonance chamber. In the IE-type trench IGBT, each of linear unit cell areas that configure a cell area is comprised principally of linear active and inactive cell areas. The simulated muscle forces arc modified by dynamic gains that are calculated in order to achieve a muscle recruitment objective such as minimizing collective muscle effort while still achieving the kinematic motion. In another embodiment the protectors insulate and protect the ears from heat generated by hair dryers and electric straighteningcurling irons. Said rotating surfaces apply a shear force to at least the inner and outer layers of said extruded plastic to orient said materials in said layers in different helical patterns, thereby forming a multi-layer tubular product in which at least inner and outer layers have different helical patterns to strengthen the product. The actuator is configured to move the pedestal assembly into a loading position in contact with a retaining ring of a carrier head and to generate a retaining ring thickness signal based on a distance travelled by the pedestal assembly.