An electronic device includes a power supply, a power consuming module, and a power control module. A switching circuit of the present invention comprises a plurality of switching circuit units, in which first to fourth switching elements are connected in a loop in this order, having a DC power source, one end of which is connected to a node between the first and fourth switching elements, and the other end of which is connected to a node between the second and third switching elements. An image pickup device picks up an object image that has passed through the optical system as a defocused object image including an area with a large-depth-of-field light and a blurred area. The described invention permits the value of the frame synchronization bytes to be made programmable, so that the system and method are flexible for changes in communication protocols. A low reflective layer is provided by coating a silicon compound containing at least a cation-modified silicon compound on the surface of a transparent substrate directly or via another layer and by curing, and therefore an anti-static anti-reflective film is produced.