Subjects for the invention are to provide a light-modulating element having an elevated energy efficiency while preventing a decrease in contrast at low cost without using a display technique employing a waveguide or lightguide plate, and to provide a display element capable of producing high-quality display images and an exposure element capable of exposure treatment. The plurality of characteristics may include storage capacity of the storage block, available storage space of the storage block, likelihood of loss of data stored on the storage block, availability of the storage block with respect to the storage network, and use of the storage block. 0 gm2\xb724 hr or less, and a portion covering the color conversion filter layer with a thickness tPL expressed by the following equation,0<tPL<0. The cyclic portion of the peptide can contain at least one amino acid sequence RGD or KPT. The carrier signal generator generates the carrier signals so that for at least one pair of the voltage application targets on the same salient pole of the stator, two of the carrier signals which respectively correspond to the pair of the voltage application targets are offset in phase from each other.