A movie storage, traversal, annotation, and viewing method and apparatus comprised of a graphic output device such as a monitor, random-access storage media such as semiconductor memory, a hard disk, or combination, and computation device connecting them. 4 GHz fundamentally modelocked external-cavity semiconductor laser are demonstrated. The disclosed memory device is advantageous in that it shows a nonvolatile property, has high integration density and low power consumption characteristics, and may be inexpensively fabricated through a simple process. Both the first and second stiffening elements are made of a material relatively stiffer than said the material and in combination bias the elongate member into the first configuration. By heating the injection fluid in a pressure vessel, pressure in the vessel can be increased to a specified injection pressure.