A method and apparatus for recording information by irradiating light onto a medium to form a recorded domain, and method and apparatus for reproducing the recorded information are provided. The transmitter processes each pair of data symbols to obtain two pairs of transmit symbols for transmission from a pair of antennas either in two OFDM symbol periods for space-time transmit diversity or on two subbands for space-frequency transmit diversity. Examples of pullers and pulling systems include harmonic drive gear reduction elements and configurations that provide high cable friction in a small device volume. The first controller outputs and inputs signals over a first communication path, and the second controller outputs and inputs signals over a second communication path. An air intake valve moves between an opening position and a closing position of the intake port. Increase of an appropriate amount of the fuel at re-starting of the engine may prevent oxygen from deteriorating the NOx removing function without degrading an emission and the fuel efficiency.