Pin-to-pin electro-static-discharge protection is provided for a bus-switch transistor that is connected to IO pins at its source and drain. One such method may include forming an epitaxial layer of single crystal SiC on a single crystal Si growth substrate, forming an epitaxial diamond layer on the layer of SiC, forming a Si layer on the diamond layer, bonding a SiO2 surface of a Si carrier substrate to the Si layer, and removing the Si growth substrate to expose the SiC layer. The prospect extents may include a first prospect extent stored on a first unit of storage space and a second prospect extent stored on a second unit of storage space. According to this token ring network, a predetermined number of tokens can be assigned within the token ring network for permitting chargers with tokens to charge respective electric vehicles while chargers without tokens must wait until they receive a token to initiate charging. The outer layer holes are provided in locations in which inner holes are absent when viewed from the center of the core region, and holes defining the same layer have the same diameter. The deodorizer includes discharging means for producing ozone and ultraviolet rays by means of high-voltage discharge and a photocatalyst module for decomposing an odor component and injurious matter contained in the atmosphere by means of photocatalyst.