An optical system for analyzing light from a plurality of samples is provided. A video encoding method in a temporal level having a hierarchical temporal filtering structure, includes generating prediction frames from two or more reference frames that temporally precede the current frame; generating a residual frame by subtracting the prediction frames from the current frame; and encoding and transmitting the residual frame. A reference to an original data chunk can be stored when the de-duplication fingerprint matches another data chunk. The at least one serial link is provided between the at least one hub and the at least one micro radio. The bit lines BL and the connecting plugs are respectively connected to one another at the bottoms of the wiring grooves. Upon detection of the attack, actions are implemented to react to the attack as defined in one or more security policies.