Disclosed is a cosmetic powder applicator. The modulator has a three dimensional optical waveguide 5 having at least a pair of branched portions 5b, 5c and a recombining portion 5f of the branched portions 5c, 5d and radiating light of off-mode, and a slab optical waveguide 4 guiding the light of off-mode. A first method uses an RZ quadrature phase dither or an RZ hillclimber phase dither, to apply a relatively low frequency dither signal to a variable RF delay for the RZ clock signal applied to the RZ modulator. The size of the accelerator needed to complete fuel cycle closure depends on the neutron efficiency of the supported reactors and on the neutron spectrum of the actinide transmutation apparatus. A VW screen control script is used to set a VW media URL associated with a VW screen parcel to the RW media URL.