The present invention is directed to membranes composed liquid crystals having continuous aqueous channels, such as a lyotropic liquid crystal, including a cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal, and to electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes. The carbon dioxide is used to at least clean or dry an object to be treated, or to clean or dry the object to be treated. Some of the photoresist layer is treated with the developing solution, to thereby form a photoresist pattern whose upper surface is situated beneath the step and hence, exposes part of the target layer.