A nanowire, nanosphere, metallized nanosphere, and methods for their fabrication are outlined. Virtualization information can be added to extension portions of protocol headers, for example, such that the payload portion is unchanged and, when physical address information is added to a frame, a frame can be processed using commodity hardware. A first embodiment provides the optimal approach with high complexity. The interior rigid section extends from the first blade end and has a substantially rectangular transverse profile. This allows the catalyst temperature to be actively controlled within the optimal temperature range without degrading the energy efficiency of the entire system. On the other hand, the second current steering means directs the second supply current to the second current mirror circuit in response to a second pair of differential signals.