An image pickup apparatus includes a case, a photographing optical system, an imaging element, and a viewfinder device. The pulley thrust calculation unit sets the predetermined margin to be smaller when an upshift is determined to be underway than when an upshift is determined not to be underway. The genotypes can be matched based on the weighted clinical significance of a genotypic difference between donor and recipient, such that certain mismatches are more acceptable than others. Filtration removes trace amounts of certain contaminants. For example, a method of determining infrared sensor calibration information, in accordance with an embodiment, includes performing a calibration operation on an infrared sensor to obtain calibration information, wherein the infrared sensor is not within an infrared camera core, and storing the calibration information.