Economical and efficient processes for producing an, -unsaturated carboxylic acid heterocycle-inserted ester and an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid polyheteroalkylene ester as well as a catalyst suited for use in economically and efficiently producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester are provided. In embodiments, the carbon nanofoam composite has electronic conductivity of greater than 20 Scm and optionally at least \u02dc100 Scm. The method further includes the anti-clone engine generating and transmitting a challenge token to the user device, and receiving and processing a response token to determine whether the user device is an authentic software application instance. The resource manager requests leases from other resource managers along the data path that comprises the logical circuit because use of the requested resource requires use of other resources. The latex can become a film, sheet, or other article.